VIII. PART 2. PART 5. Sawing the Old Woman,Sawing the Old Woman at Mid-Lent in Italy, In France, In Spain and among the Slavs, Sawing the Old Woman on Palm Sunday among the gipsies, Seven-legged effigies of Lent in Spain and Italy, PART 6. Bringing in Summer, Custom of Carrying out Death followed by a ceremony of bringing in Summer, represented by a tree or branches, New potency of life ascribed to the effigy of Death, The Summer-tree equivalent to the May-tree, The Summer-tree a revival of the image of Death, hence the image of Death must be an embodiment of the spirit of vegetation, The names of Carnival, Death, and Summer in these customs seem to cover an ancient spirit of vegetation, PART 7. Battle of Summer and Winter, Dramatic contests between representatives of Summer and Winter in Sweden, Germany, and Austria, The Queen of Winter and the Queen of May in the Isle of Man, Contests between representatives of Summer and Winter among the Esquimaux, Winter driven away by the Canadian Indians, The burning of Winter at Zurich, PART 8. Death and Resurrection of Kostrubonko, Russian ceremonies like those of Burying the Carnival or Carrying out Death, Death and resurrection of Kostrubonko at Eastertide, Figure of Kupalo thrown into a stream on Midsummer day, Funeral of Kostroma, Lada, or Yarilo on St. Peter's day (29th June), PART 9. Death and Revival of Vegetation, The Russian Kostrubonko, Yarilo, and so on probably in origin spirits of the dying and reviving vegetation, Grief and gladness, love and hatred curiously blended in these ceremonies, Expulsion of Death sometimes enacted without an effigy, PART 10. Analogous Rites in India, Images of Siva and Parvati married, drowned, and mourned for in India, Equivalence of the custom to the spring ceremonies of Europe, PART II. The Magic Spring, The foregoing customs were originally rites intended to ensure the revival of nature in spring by means of imitative magic, In modern Europe these old magical rites have degenerated into mere pageants and pastimes, Parallel to the spring customs of Europe in the magical rites of the aborigines of Central Australia.
