Huberman Lab

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain how to optimize hormones—particularly testosterone, estrogen, and related sex steroids—to enhance fertility and overall well-being.

I discuss the sources of testosterone and estrogen and how their levels fluctuate with age in both males and females. I also cover how behaviors such as exercise, cold and heat exposure, light exposure, illness, and breathing patterns affect hormones. Additionally, I examine specific supplements and replacement therapies, highlighting important precautions to consider when adjusting hormone levels.

Huberman Lab Essentials episodes are approximately 30 minutes long and focus on key scientific insights and protocol takeaways from past Huberman Lab episodes. These short episodes will be released every Thursday, while our full-length episodes will continue to be released every Monday.

Read the show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman
Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman

Timestamps
00:00:00 Huberman Lab Essentials; Hormones
00:01:15 Testosterone & Estrogen Sources & Age, Adrenals
00:03:34 Sponsor: Eight Sleep
00:05:05 Competition, Males & Testosterone; Dopamine
00:09:27 Testosterone Decreases, Expectant Fathers, Illness
00:11:30 Sleep Apnea, Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortisol, Tool: Nasal Breathing
00:15:57 Sponsor: AG1
00:17:00 Dopamine, Cortisol, Fertility, Tool: Light Viewing Behavior 
00:19:31 Heat, Cold & Hormone Levels
00:21:14 Resistance & Endurance Training, Testosterone, Tool: Exercise Order
00:23:26 Estrogen, Menopause, Hormone Therapy
00:25:07 Sponsor: Function
00:26:54 Vitamins, Opioids, Supplements, Tongkat Ali, Cancer Risk
00:31:26 Luteinizing Hormone, hCG, Fadogia Agrestis, Tool: Blood Tests
00:36:00 Recap & Key Takeaways

Disclaimer & Disclosures

My guest is Dr. Michael Platt, Ph.D., a professor of neuroscience and psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. We discuss how factors such as hormonal or social status influence what we value, how we make decisions, and even our perceptions across a range of areas, from who and what we find attractive to our political affiliations. We also discuss how humans evaluate and shift power in relationships and form hierarchies in groups. Dr. Platt also shares new science-based tools for improving focus, creativity, and attention.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Our Place: https://fromourplace.com/huberman
Wealthfront**: https://wealthfront.com/huberman
BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman
Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman

**This experience may not be representative of the experience of other clients of Wealthfront, and there is no guarantee that all clients will have similar experiences. Cash Account is offered by Wealthfront Brokerage LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC. The Annual Percentage Yield (“APY”) on cash deposits as of December 27,‬ 2024, is representative, subject to change, and requires no minimum. Funds in the Cash Account are swept to partner banks where they earn the variable‭ APY. Promo terms and FDIC coverage conditions apply. Same-day withdrawal or instant payment transfers may be limited by destination institutions, daily transaction caps, and by participating entities such as Wells Fargo, the RTP® Network, and FedNow® Service. New Cash Account deposits are subject to a 2-4 day holding period before becoming available for transfer.

Timestamps
00:00:00 Dr. Michael Platt
00:02:12 Humans, Old World Primates & Decision-Making; Swiss Army Knife Analogy
00:07:52 Sponsors: Our Place & Wealthfront
00:11:01 Attention Allocation, Resource Foraging
00:16:40 Social Media; Marginal Value Theorem, Distraction
00:22:22 Tool: Remove Phone from Room; Attention & Urgency
00:25:23 Tool: Self Conversation; Visual Input, Attention as a Skill
00:29:29 Warming-Up Focus, Tool: Visual Aperture & Attention
00:38:57 Sponsor: AG1
00:40:13 Control of Attention, Tool: Changing Environment
00:44:07 Attention Continuum, Professions, Measuring Business Skill with Neuroscience
00:53:06 Theory of Mind, Covert Attention, Attentional Spotlights
01:00:05 Primates, Hormone Status, Brain Size, Monogamy
01:09:31 Monkeys, Neuronal Multiplexing & Context; Equitable Relationships
01:20:05 Sponsor: BetterHelp
01:21:11 Relationships, Power Dynamics, Neuroethology
01:29:34 Humans, Females & Hormone Status; Monkeys, Social Images, Hormones
01:38:03 Humans, Attractiveness, Value-Based Decision Making
01:44:32 Altruism, Group Selection & Cooperation, Selflessness
01:49:08 Males, Testosterone, Behavior Changes
01:55:46 Sponsor: Function
01:57:34 Oxytocin, Pro-Social Behaviors, Behavioral Synchrony
02:08:13 MDMA, Oxytocin, Anxiety; Social Touch, Despair & Isolation
02:17:12 Isolation, Social Connections & Strangers, Tool: Deep Conversation Questions
02:21:17 Bridging the Divide, Tribes & Superficial Biases
02:26:58 Testosterone, Risk-Taking Behavior
02:30:52 Decision-Making, Tool: Accurate or Fast?
02:38:31 Decision-Making, Impact of Time & Fatigue
02:45:23 Advertising, Status, Celebrity, Monkeys
02:52:19 Hierarchy; Abundance & Scarcity, Money & Happiness, Loss Aversion
03:02:47 Meme Coins, Celebrity Endorsement, Social Sensitivity
03:12:22 Decisions & Urgency; Bounded & Ecological Rationality
03:18:09 Longevity Movement; Mortality & Motivation
03:24:48 Retirement?, Serial Pursuits & Pivoting
03:30:17 Apple or Samsung?, Brand Loyalty, Empathy
03:38:15 Political Affiliation, Empathy
03:46:22 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Disclaimer & Disclosures

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain the crucial role hormones play in shaping the sexual development of both the brain and body.

I discuss how biological masculinization and feminization depend on factors such as genetics, hormone ratios, and receptor availability. I also explore how hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and other steroid hormones influence sexual characteristics and brain development. Additionally, I examine the impact of environmental factors—such as herbicides like atrazine, cannabis, alcohol, and even cell phones—on hormone function and reproductive health.

Huberman Lab Essentials are short episodes (approximately 30 minutes) focused on key science and protocol takeaways from past Huberman Lab episodes. Essentials are released every Thursday, while full-length episodes continue to be released every Monday.

Read the full episode show notes, including referenced articles, resources, and people mentioned at hubermanlab.com.

This Huberman Lab Essentials episode is from the full-length episode, available here: https://go.hubermanlab.com/PQYuc9i

Thank you to our sponsors

AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman
Our Place: https://fromourplace.com/huberman
BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman

Timestamps
00:00:00 Huberman Lab Essentials; Hormones, Sexual Development
00:01:25 Chromosomal Sex, Gonadal Sex, Hormonal Sex, Morphology
00:06:08 Sponsor: Function
00:07:56 Steroid Hormones, Sexual Characteristics
00:10:59 Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), Kisspeptin
00:15:12 Masculinization of Brain, Estrogen
00:16:29 Sponsors: Our Place, BetterHelp
00:19:15 Herbicides, Atrazine, Hormone Effects, Sperm Counts
00:25:04 Female Sexual Development, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
00:28:37 Sponsor: AG1
00:29:41 Cannabis & Aromatase Activity, Gynecomastia; Alcohol & Estrogen Activity
00:32:34 Cell Phones & Gonads
00:35:24 Beard & Hair Growth, DHT
00:38:42 Hyenas, Hormones, Androstenedione; Plants
00:43:44 Recap & Key Takeaways

Disclaimer & Disclosures

In this episode, my guest is Pavel Tsatsouline, a world-renowned strength and conditioning coach, former military special forces training instructor, author, and founder of StrongFirst—an online school focused on “low-tech, high-concept” training to build strength for men and women of all fitness levels.

We discuss the most effective and efficient ways to build strength, endurance, and flexibility. We cover bodyweight-only, free-weight, and machine-based protocols and describe training splits and lesser-known but highly effective ways to train, especially for people with limited time.

We also discuss local versus systemic nervous system and muscle recovery, how to complete training sessions with increased energy, why training to “failure” is not advised, optimal rest-between-sets protocols to improve performance, and how to vary effort levels across each week and month to ensure regular progress. This episode brings you highly practical, science-supported, and real-world-tested training methods to build strength, endurance, and flexibility from one of the world’s top experts.

Show notes: https://go.hubermanlab.com/YC80Wvt

Sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman
Levels: https://levels.link/huberman
LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman
Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman
Maui Nui: https://mauinuivenison.com/huberman

Timestamps
00:00:00 Pavel Tsatsouline
00:02:29 Fitness, Strength, Model Athlete
00:07:19 Tool: Essential Training Movements
00:13:46 Sponsors: Eight Sleep & Levels
00:16:29 Dips, Pull-Ups, Farmer Carry, Tools: Kettle Bell Mile, Grip Strength & Longevity
00:29:57 Concentric vs Eccentric Only Movements, Isometric, Tool: Pause Reps
00:38:38 Sponsor: AG1
00:39:53 “Greasing the Groove”, Cramming Analogy, Strength is a Skill
00:48:27 Tool: Greasing the Groove Protocol
00:54:12 Tool: Movement & Motivation; Nervous System
01:00:00 Frequency & Recovery, Heterochronicity, Soviet vs American Training
01:10:25 Soviet vs American Strength Schools, Periodization, Recovery
01:20:00 Sponsors: LMNT & Joovv
01:22:45 Bell Squat, Non-Spine Compressing Leg Work, Tool: Zercher Squat
01:27:15 Machines, Beginners vs Advanced?
01:28:41 Shorter Cycles? Linear & Wave Progression, Step Loading, Variable Overload
01:32:04 Strength & Endurance, Bodybuilding, “Bro Split”
01:40:28 Endurance, Cost of Adaptation, Heart Adaptations
01:46:38 Rest Periods, Interval Training, Tool: German Interval Training 
01:51:34 Tool: Cardiovascular Training, Glycolytic Power Repeats; Muscle Growth
01:57:31 Sponsor: Maui Nui
01:59:00 Rest Period Activities, Tool: Protecting Back
02:04:33 Endurance Training, Anti-Glycolytic Revolution, Specialized vs Variety 
02:11:30 Not Seeking the “Pump”, Repeated Sprint Ability, Tool: Anti-Glycolytic Endurance Training
02:19:06 Seek Soreness or Pump?, Hypertrophy
02:23:05 Tool: Planning Strength & Endurance Training, Individualization
02:32:27 Training Quality, Practiced Skill
02:35:39 Non-Athletes, Strength & Endurance, Training Duration
02:40:20 Post-Exercise Fatigue, Tools: Fragmentation, Feedback, Volume
02:48:01 Pre-Workout Stimulants
02:53:51 Performance & Arousal, Breathing, Disinhibition, Emotion
03:03:42 Train to Failure?, Recovery
03:08:40 Flexibility, Range of Motion Training, Kettle Bell, Tool: Wall Squat
03:14:57 Training for Flexibility; Training as a Practice
03:17:46 Older Adults & Strength Training, Consistency Over Intensity
03:25:08 Body-Weight vs Barbell vs Kettlebell Training
03:34:06 Kettlebell Training, Swings, Power & Endurance
03:41:55 Training Choices, Tool: Simple, Consistent Program
03:47:38 Kids & Training, General vs Specialization?
03:51:21 Core Work, Abdominals, Tools: Tension & Attention; ‘Pressurize’ Abs
04:03:34 Breathing, Force, Strength
04:05:02 Directing Gaze While Weightlifting
04:12:37 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I discuss the biology of emotions and moods, focusing on how development and neurochemicals shape our feelings and relationships.

I describe how early infant bonds and puberty shape adult patterns of emotional connection. I explain that understanding emotions requires recognizing both internal states and external cues, along with strategies to enhance your emotional awareness. Additionally, I discuss the key elements of healthy emotional bonds and provide practical tools to deepen one’s understanding of emotions, leading to a richer emotional life.

Huberman Lab Essentials are short episodes (approximately 30 minutes) focused on essential science and protocol takeaways from past Huberman Lab episodes. Essentials will be released every Thursday, and our full-length episodes will still be released every Monday.

Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman
BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman
LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman

Timestamps
00:00:00 Huberman Lab Essentials; Emotions
00:03:01 Sponsor: Eight Sleep
00:04:39 Emotions & Childhood Development
00:06:35 Infancy, Anxiety
00:08:04 Understanding Emotions; Tools: Mood Meter; Emotions & 3 Key Questions
00:11:45 Infancy, Interoception & Exteroception
00:12:48 Sponsor: BetterHelp
00:14:02 Strange-Situation Task & Babies, Social Bonds, Emotional Regulation
00:18:04 Tool: Exteroception vs Interoception Focus?
00:23:07 Sponsor: AG1
00:24:11 Puberty, Kisspeptin; Testing the World & Emotional Exploration
00:31:56 Sponsor: LMNT
00:33:13 Creating Healthy Emotional Bonds; Dopamine, Serotonin & Oxytocin
00:37:07 Vasopressin; Vagus Nerve & Alertness
00:41:34 Recap & Key Takeaway

Disclaimer & Disclosures

In this episode, my guest is Dr. Ellen Langer, Ph.D., professor of psychology at Harvard University and the world’s leading researcher on the mind-body connection and the power our thinking has on our physical health. She explains how specific ways of framing and asking questions about the world shape our physical health and rate of aging. Dr. Langer also explains how our perception of time and control significantly impact our rate of physical healing, hormones, immune system, and longevity. She describes mindfulness as a way of framing life, not simply a meditation or other practice, and discusses data showing how to use one’s mind to overcome health challenges and achieve remarkable outcomes. Dr. Langer is a luminary and pioneer in researching the relationship between the mind and body with scientific rigor. Her work and our discussion are applicable to women and men of all ages and walks of life.

Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman
Helix Sleep: https://helixsleep.com/huberman
Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman
Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman
Our Place: https://fromourplace.com/huberman

Timestamps
00:00:00 Dr. Ellen Langer
00:02:57 Mindfulness
00:06:53 Mindless, Focus; Being Mindful
00:11:03 Sponsors: BetterHelp & Helix Sleep
00:13:41 Meditation
00:14:47 Choices & Longer Life; Mind & Body Unity, Exercise, Nocebo & Placebo Effect
00:25:39 Self, Mind-Body Interconnectedness
00:32:16 Acupuncture; Cancer & Healing, Probabilities, Tool: Tragedy or Inconvenience?
00:42:18 Sponsors: AG1 & Joovv
00:44:46 Brain & Predictions, Control & Mindlessness; Resolutions
00:48:09 “Should” Thoughts, Multitasking, Making Moments Matter, Work-Life Balance
00:56:55 Sleep, Stress, Tool: Perceived Sleep & Performance
01:01:58 Counterclockwise Study
01:06:15 Pioneering a Field, Change, Decisions & Uncertainty
01:16:47 Sponsor: Function
01:18:35 Making Sense of Behavior, Forgiveness, Blame
01:25:35 Technology, Human Drive; Tool: Noticing & Appreciating New Things
01:32:50 Art, Mindfulness, Education, Awards
01:39:30 Labels, Borderline Effect; Identity, “I Am”, Learning & Age
01:49:44 Sponsor: Our Place
01:50:56 Memory Loss, Vision; Chronic Disease, Symptom Variability
02:01:22 Deadlines, Constraints; Scientific Method & Absolutes
02:06:47 Covid Crisis, Vaccines, Uncertainty, Multiple Answers
02:12:06 Age & Decline?, Experience Levels & “Disinhibited”
02:18:18 Justice, Drama; Life-Changing Events & Perspective
02:25:45 Death, Spontaneous Cancer Remission; Will to Live
02:31:59 Mindful Hospital, Stress, Burnout, Tool: Mindful Checklist
02:36:32 Noticing, Choices
02:41:16 Coddling, Fragility, Social Media, Money
02:48:26 Tool: Playfulness
02:52:08 Nostalgia, Mindfulness; Tool: Gamifying Life; Parenthood & Work
02:59:17 Healing & Time Perception, Awareness & Neuroplasticity, Imagine Possibilities
03:07:12 Reviews & Critical Feedback, Others’ Opinions
03:12:00 Enlightenment, Flexibility, Expansiveness; Everyone Song
03:19:47 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Disclaimer & Disclosures

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain the biological mechanism behind motivation and drive, as well as discuss practical tools for overcoming procrastination. 
I discuss the key role dopamine plays in driving cravings and motivating action. I explain how dopamine regulates the balance between pleasure and pain, and what happens when this system becomes dysregulated, leading to addiction. I discuss the role of molecules like serotonin, which help enhance the enjoyment of the present, and explain how to balance the drive for more while staying focused in the present. I also discuss the causes of procrastination and describe strategies to boost dopamine levels through behavioral approaches or supplements. 
Huberman Lab Essentials are short episodes (approximately 30 minutes) focused on essential science and protocol takeaways from past Huberman Lab episodes. Essentials will be released every Thursday, and our full-length episodes will still be released every Monday.
Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.
Thank you to our sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman
Mateina: https://drinkmateina.com/huberman
LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman
Timestamps
00:00:00 Huberman Lab Essentials; Motivation
00:01:57 Dopamine & Brain 
00:04:08 Anticipation, Craving & Dopamine
00:05:37 Sponsor: AG1
00:06:46 Food, Drugs & Dopamine Release
00:10:18 Addiction, Pleasure & Pain Balance
00:14:12 Sponsors: Eight Sleep & Mateina
00:17:14 Dopamine, Pain, Yearning
00:19:08 “Here and Now” Molecules, Serotonin, Endocannabinoids, Tool: Mindfulness
00:22:42 Procrastination; Tool: Extend Dopamine, Offset Pain
00:26:15 Sponsor: LMNT
00:27:31 Dopamine & Motivation; Increasing Dopamine, Phenethylamine (PEA)
00:30:58 Dopamine Schedule, Subjectivity
00:33:59 Gambling, Intermittent Reinforcement, Tool: Blunting Rewards
00:38:51 Recap & Key Takeaway
Disclaimer & Disclosures

In this episode, my guest is Josh Waitzkin, former child chess prodigy and the subject of the movie and true story Searching for Bobby Fischer. Josh is also a world champion martial arts competitor and the author of the book The Art of Learning. We discuss Josh’s childhood as a chess prodigy and how he learned to train and compete at the highest levels by facing his fears and overcoming points of weakness. He explains the principles that unify disparate physical and mental pursuits and how understanding the interconnectedness of the learning process enables ultra-high-level performance across disciplines.
We explore how to structure one’s day to tap into the most creative, generative, and unique capabilities. Josh shares his approach to learning, including how to address flaws and mistakes and how to harness the subtle and overt energies of the learning and peak performance process. He also discusses how he structures his life and makes decisions related to career and family. This episode is sure to inspire deep thinking and practical life changes for all who listen.
Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.
Thank you to our sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Wealthfront**: https://wealthfront.com/huberman
Our Place: https://fromourplace.com/huberman
Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman
Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman
Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman
**This experience may not be representative of the experience of other clients of Wealthfront, and there is no guarantee that all clients will have similar experiences. Cash Account is offered by Wealthfront Brokerage LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC. The Annual Percentage Yield (“APY”) on cash deposits as of December 27,‬ 2024, is representative, subject to change, and requires no minimum. Funds in the Cash Account are swept to partner banks where they earn the variable‭ APY. Promo terms and FDIC coverage conditions apply. Same-day withdrawal or instant payment transfers may be limited by destination institutions, daily transaction caps, and by participating entities such as Wells Fargo, the RTP® Network, and FedNow® Service. New Cash Account deposits are subject to a 2-4 day holding period before becoming available for transfer.
Timestamps
00:00:00 Josh Waitzkin
00:03:21 Chess, Competition & Performance
00:10:50 Martial Arts, Tai Chi, Jiu-Jitsu, Foiling, Training Others
00:14:41 Sponsors: Wealthfront & Our Place
00:17:43 Theory of Mind, Chess, Strategy & Mindset
00:26:39 Early Chess Training
00:32:30 Failure & Change, Chess, Tension, Power of Empty Space
00:43:22 Sponsors: AG1 & Joovv
00:48:06 Grief, Competition Loss, Growth, Frustration Tolerance
00:57:22 Arousal, Frame Rates, Intense Moments
01:06:17 Frame Rates & Pupil Size; Firewalking, Training
01:13:12 Sponsor: Function
01:15:58 Stress & Recovery, Tools: Doing Less, Most Important Question (MIQ)
01:23:24 Tool: Still Body, Active Mind; Shame, Strengthening Weaknesses
01:32:02 Child Prodigies, Brittle; Chess Principles & Transfer to Life
01:43:22 Sponsor: Eight Sleep
01:44:48 Preconscious vs Postconscious
01:52:02 Hypoxic Breathwork Caution & Drowning; Foiling, Fear, Postconscious
01:57:05 Static vs Dynamic Mindset, High Performers
02:05:48 Comebacks, Hunting Adversity, Living on Other Side of Pain, Tool: Cold Plunge
02:19:20 Ego, Identity, Unbreakable Will
02:29:18 Studying People; Chess, Computers; Science & AI; Ocean & Control
02:40:37 Time, Future Direction, True to Self, Wounds
02:51:07 Daily Routine, Individualization, Waking Up, Tool: MIQ Gap Analysis
03:00:21 Tool: MIQ; Stuck Points, Distraction
03:05:58 Reflective vs Stimulus-Response, Optimize Quality not Quantity
03:14:12 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Social Media, Protocols Book, Neural Network Newsletter
Disclaimer & Disclosures

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain how the different nutrients and foods we eat impact our emotions and overall mood.
I discuss how the mind-body connection shapes our food choices and cravings, highlighting the roles of key neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin in driving eating behaviors. I explain the biological mechanisms behind cravings for specific foods, such as sugar, and how psychological factors like belief effects can influence our perception of hunger. I also describe how certain nutrients, like omega-3 fatty acids, and a healthy gut microbiome are crucial in mood regulation and immune function.
Huberman Lab Essentials are short episodes (approximately 30 minutes) focused on essential science and protocol takeaways from past Huberman Lab episodes. Essentials will be released every Thursday, and our full-length episodes will still be released every Monday.
Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.
Thank you to our sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman
LMNT: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
Timestamps
00:00:00 Huberman Lab Essentials; Emotions, Food & Nutrition
00:02:30 Attraction & Aversion
00:03:38 Vagus Nerve, Sugar
00:06:31 Sponsor: Function
00:08:19 Gut “Feelings”, Hidden Sugars, Amino Acids
00:10:43 Dopamine, Craving, L-tyrosine
00:14:45 Serotonin, Carbohydrates
00:17:59 Sponsor: AG1
00:19:36 Tool: Omega-3s; Depression, SSRIs
00:22:36 Gut-Brain Axis, Gut Microbiome
00:26:00 Probiotics, Brain Fog, Tools: Fermented Foods, Saccharine Caution
00:29:03 Ketogenic Diet & Gut Microbiome, Tool: Individual Diet Variability
00:32:23 Sponsor: LMNT
00:33:40 Tool: Belief Effects; Key Takeaways
Disclaimer & Disclosures

In this episode, my guest is Dr. Brian Keating, Ph.D., a cosmologist and professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego. We discuss the origins of the universe and how humans have used light and optics to understand where and how life on Earth emerged.
We explore how early humans charted the stars, sun, moon, and other celestial events to measure time and track seasons, as well as how stargazing continues to connect us to a shared ancient experience. Additionally, we examine the scientific process, the practical and ethical challenges of pursuing groundbreaking discoveries, and the emotional toll of striving for recognition in one’s profession.
Finally, we discuss whether astrology has any scientific validity and consider the possibility of life beyond Earth.
Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.
Thank you to our sponsors
AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman
LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman
BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman
Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman
Helix Sleep: https://helixsleep.com/huberman
ROKA: https://roka.com/huberman
Timestamps
00:00:00 Dr. Brian Keating
00:02:07 Cosmology, Origin of Universe
00:05:41 Sponsors: LMNT & BetterHelp
00:08:33 Stars, Planets, Early Humans, Time
00:14:53 Astrology, Ophiuchus Constellation
00:19:58 Pineal Gland, Time-Keeping & Stars, Seasons & Offspring
00:29:19 Humans, Time Perception, Astronomy
00:36:08 Sponsor: AG1
00:37:47 Brain & Prediction; Moonset, Syzygy; Telescope, Galileo 
00:46:36 Light Refraction; Telescope, Eyeglasses
00:51:36 Earth Rotation & Sun
00:53:43 Glass, Microscope, Telescopes & Discovery
01:02:53 Science as Safe Space; Jupiter, Galileo, Discovery, Time
01:10:48 Early Humans, Stonehenge, Pyramids, Measurement Standards 
01:15:54 Giants of Astronomy 
01:20:04 Sponsors: Function & Helix Sleep
01:23:10 Origin of Life, Scientific Method & P-Hacking; Nobel Prize, Big Bang, Inflation
01:30:20 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, BICEP
01:37:58 Father & Son Relationship, Science & Rewards
01:44:06 Loss, Mentor 
01:49:55 Antarctica, South Pole
01:56:49 Light & Heat Pollution, South Pole
02:01:09 Prize Pursuit, First Discovery; Star Collapse, Micrometeorites, Polarization 
02:08:26 Sponsor: ROKA
02:10:08 Moon, Size & Horizon; Visual Acuity; Rainbow or Moon Bigger?
02:15:21 Sunset, Green Flash, Color Opponency
02:23:05 Menstrual & Lunar Cycles; Moon Movement
02:26:36 Northern Hemisphere & Stargazing, Dark Sky Communities, Telescope
02:29:51 Constellations, Asterism; Halley's & Hale-Bopp Comets
02:32:13 Navigation, Columbus
02:36:29 Adaptive Optics, Scintillation, Artificial Stars
02:48:28 Life Outside Earth?
02:57:50 Gut Microbiome; Building Planet
03:05:00 Zero-Cost Support, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Social Media, Protocols Book, Neural Network Newsletter
Disclaimer & Disclosures